Role of Civil Service

• 2 imp insti
  • pol exec
  • bureaucracy
    • must provide rational, unbiased, meritorious, impartial suggestions to pol exec
• once pol exec decision -> CSer implement acc to R&R
• ensure economy & efficiency in implementations
• CSer perform regulatory fn
• pol instability -> CSer ensure stability & continuity in administration eg Prez Rule, MCC
• PSE -> instrument of growth & dev
  • CSer resp of running these PSE
• bringing socio economic transformation
  • ST, SC, OBC, Women
  • GDP, per capita income
• CSer expected to make decisions for allocation of resources
  • ensure allocation benefits max ppl
• ensure equitabel distribution of outcomes
  • focus more on weaker sections
• leaders in soc => influence behaviour, values of common ppl
• dev of civilization depends on efficiency of administrative systems
• developed & developing country -> diff in good governance
• $\therefore$ ensure constitutionalism in order to realize obj of good governance

Changing role after globalization

• initially, all fn by state
  • allocation of resource
  • production of G&S
  • distribution of income, wealth
• Pubad had absolute monopoly over all activities
• pvt sector controlled thru licenses, quotas, permits
• after failure of welfare state, LPG in 1991
• radical changes
• in globalization, state activities in 3 categories
  • exclusive acts
    • law making
    • defence
    • revenue generation
    • judiciary
    • maintenance of LnO
  • where no profit motive
    • health
    • edu
  • done by both state & pvt thru PPP
    • infra
    • industries
    • higher edu
• capitalism can ensure rapid eco growth, not inclusive
• responsibility of state to ensure inclusive, equitabel growth

New insti

• pvt sector
• MLI
• MNC
• CSO, NGO
• SHG
• PPP
• Social media

Issues with globalization

• monopoly, oligopoly
• state -> ensure level playing field
  • $\therefore$ gov = regulation
• pvt section not concerned bt negative externalities
• resp of admin to prevent -ve externatilties, protect interest of ordinary citizen
• mkt takes care of ppl demand, not needs
• islands of prosperity in ocean of poverty
  • regionalism
  • social issues
• govt should ensure needs of poorest sections given imptance
• ppl not under forces of market also have a say in mkt
• w/ recruitment, pvt sector only concerned abt efficiency, merit whereas societies have inequalities
  • positive discrimination, affirmative action needed
  • only govt can do this
• fn of mkt also results in business cycles
• during depression, state should come to rescue w/ counter cyclical measures
• sustainable dev only by state as pt sector not worried abt env degradation
• infra taken care by pvt only in urban area where demand for G&S
• state should ensure equitable infra dev (phys, social)

Multi Actor Paradigm Model

• multiple institutions part of governance
• eg.
  • union gov, state gov, local self govt
  • perm CS
  • MLI
  • MNC, CSO, NGO
  • Media
  • SHG
  • Judiciary
  • PPP
  • Tribal
• all have vested interests => gov complex, complicated
• CS part of perm exec, expected to play critical role in MAPM
• steps
  • bring together all insti, sit across table, make decision collectively
  • give opp to put stance
  • discussion to assess conflict, convergence
  • broad agreement reached
    • every actor makes compromises
  • decisions part of CC
    • mention safeguard for vulnerable sections in quantifiable terms
      • eg compensation
      • employment
      • rehabilitation
      • afforestation measures
  • District admin w/ MNC take responsibility for implementation
  • SAC conduct perf audits while work to fix accountability
  • ensure policy implementation

Civil Service Reforms

• 2nd ARC: report on Personnel Administration & Ethics in Governance identified strength & weaknesses in fn of CS
• strengths
  • perform regulatory fn, eg Maintain LnO, generation of revenue
  • continuity to admin process during pol instability
  • ensure success of democratic process by conducting elections regularly in free and fair manner
  • protecting unity and integrity of nation
• weakeness
  • politicization
  • absence of accountability mechanism
  • secrecy
  • failure to bring about socio economic transformation
  • inability to ensure participation of citizens in governance and higher levels of corruption
• 1990s: structural reforms LPG, rights based approach to governance, citizen centric governance
• decentralized gov implemented in 73rd, 74th amendment
• e governance
• but most reform not expectedly successful as problems in fn of CS
• pointed out by various govt report -> CS lack necessary attitude (values) and aptitude (skills) to ensure reforrm success

Reforms in recruitment

• Baswan Committee appt by UPSC suggestions
  • direct ministries, depts, state to provide accurate info abt vacancies
  • progressive reduction in age limit from 32 to 26 and reduction in attempts from 6 to 3
  • separate examinations for each service
  • removal of optional and add 2 extra compulsory papers for level playing field and incorporation of upcoming needs
    • eg. law, pubad
  • changes in personality test
    • include army too

Reforms regarding politicization

• constitutional forefathers envisaged balanced polity in functioning of our pol & admin systems
• pol exec responsible for policy formulation & B for its implementation
• popl exec consider values, B ensures economy, efficiency
• pol exec no skills, knowledge
  • $\therefore$ B must provide unbiased, meritorious, rational, impartial suggestions to pol exec
• but country has only witnessed unbalanced polity in terms of politicization
• pol exec uses instruments like promotions, transfers, posting, suspensions, removals

What to be done

• 2nd ARC
  • politicization because ex-post accountability
    • i.e. politicians evaluate accountability of CS in terms of ability of CS to implement orders
  • but no provisions in AICS R&R to empower CSer to reject illegal, unconstitutional orders by superiors
    • if orders not implemented, action against CSer for insubordination
  • suggested replace ex post accountability w/ ex-ante accountability
    • giving CSer freedom to reject unconstitutional orders w/ written explanation
  • constitution of CSer Board to decide all career related aspects rather than pol exec
    • board must have CSer
    • implemented

Lateral Entry

• highly specialized governance
• in depth knowledge, practical exp needed

Advantage of LE

• competition
• professionals bring practical experience in policy formulation
• specialization
• change the rule orientation culture
  • break rigid hierarchy
• outcome oriented

Criticism

• conflict of interest
  • pvt sector professional influenced by loyalties towards prev employers
• pay disparity in govt/pvt
  • govt may not attract best talent
• work culture in pvt very diff, not adapt to govt
• conflict b/w civil servant vs professionals
• politicization of CSer
  • ruling party will induct chosen professionals

Despite, 2nd ARC recommended LE.

• 2018, UPSC started recruiting pvt sector professionals into central secretariat orgs (JS and above)
• March 2024, 25 pvt sector splist vacancy

Training

• lack necessary skills
  • empathy, selflessness not there
• instrument to impart necessary skills to inculcate values
• changes
  • village level training 1 -> 3 weeks
  • young probationary oversee fn of gram sabha, SHG, NGO, community based orgrs
  • mandatory to spend significant time in NE States
  • Mission Karmyogi

Mission Karmyogi

• supporting transition from rule based to outcome based admin
• make available to all CSer, provide opportunity to continuously strengthen behavioral, fn and domain competence
• improve efficiency in service delivery mech, high standard
• integrated online training
• 46L govt employees benefit
• 5yr - 510Cr spent

Accountability

• Art 310: security of tenure
• 2nd ARC: agents of state (CSer) have become more powerful than state itself
• no accountability mech
• 2nd ARC
  • repeal art 309, 310
  • necessary safeguards for independence can be added to Art 311
• objective performance evaluation after 25yr in service or 50yr age
  • if not satisfactory, remove from service