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started in 2011, Tunisia
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spread in Algeria, Jordan, Oman, Egypt, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Morocco
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causes:
- 2000s energy crisis
- authoritarianism
- Kleptocracy
- poverty
- unemployment
- political corruption
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new wave of related protests from 2018, leading to resignation of PM of Iraq & Lebanon and overthrow of prez of Sudan & Algeria
- Second Arab Spring
- conditions that started AS haven’t faded & political movements against authoritarianism remain ongoing
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effects
- overthrow of govts
- civil wars
- push for democratization (but failed)
- humanitarian crises - Syria
- saudi iran rivalry
- migration refugee